Morphometric and density comparisons of Bos taurus scapulae as a proxy to human frontal crania

In the absence of cadaveric tissues, forensic simulation, trauma modelling, and cranial surgical training necessitates a surrogate for the human calvaria. This study investigates the validity of Bos taurus scapulae as a proxy for human frontal bones by comparing the laminar and cancellous bone thickness, as well as the bone mineral density (BMD) of cadaveric frontal bones and adult Bos taurus scapulae.